Exposure to lead in water pipes during early life significantly reduces later-life male longevity. Birth in cities with lead pipes is linked to a reduction of 1.6 to 9.6 months in lifespan, with stronger effects in cities having acidic water and older infrastructure. The negative impact appears mostly driven by early-life exposure rather than adult environment. Lead exposure also lowers educational attainment, which partly explains reduced longevity. These losses offset about 1 to 5.5 percent of the life expectancy gains seen between 1900 and 1940. The estimated economic cost of these lost life years ranges between $14.3 billion and $85.9 billion. Despite regulations reducing lead exposure since the 1970s, millions still face risk from lead service lines today.